The organic matrix binding crystals together contains a complex mixture of predominantly urine proteins, though the role of proteins in kidney stone formation is poorly understood. Fundamental studies ...

Repeat examination of the urine sediment revealed casts containing calcium oxalate crystals. A deeper dietary history revealed widespread oxalate precursor consumption. A kidney biopsy confirmed ...

Her electrolytes, urinalysis and renal ultrasound were unremarkable. Her 24-hour urine output revealed increased oxalate and low citrate. Renal biopsy showed glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis and calcium ...