Known as a Stirling cooler, one of these systems uses a mechanical pump to compress a gas such as helium, which then passes through a heat exchange system to cool it down. The gas is then expanded ...

For instance, a study demonstrated a hybrid cryocooler that achieved a no-load temperature of 1.36 K by combining a four-stage Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler with a JT cooler. This system ...