Power surges generally last less than 50 microseconds but can reach 6,000 volts and draw 3,000 amps when they arrive at the equipment. Shunt mode and series mode are the two types of surge protection.

The input bus conditioner for military and avionics systems simplifies power architecture and provides surge protection and noise filtering features.

with the latter almost always being determined by the residual interference from the surge tester or voltage source, pulse width modulated converters.