Back in college or at some point in your career, you learned about the 4Ps of marketing: place, price, product, and promotion. Though nearly 60 years old, the 4Ps still hold weight today. However, the ...

For many organizations, COVID-19 has turned the 4Ps of marketing—product, place, price, and promotion—into 4Cs: confusion, calamity, chaos, and complexity. The situation calls to mind Atul Gawande's ...

Data extraction One author performed data extraction and coded outcomes based on ‘4Ps’ of marketing mix theory: product, place, price and promotion. The second author conducted a cross-check. Data ...