Methods Adult patients (>18 years) requiring treatment with combination of ICS/LABA according to GOLD guidelines were treated with budesonide/formoterol Easyhaler 160/4.5 ug or 320/9.0 ug per ...

Results: Formoterol exerted an additive effect on the inhibition of IL-1β stimulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 upregulation and GM-CSF production by budesonide in concentrations of 10 −9 M and above (p<0.05).

Patients who received budesonide-glycopyrrolate-formoterol had a 9% higher incidence of first moderate or severe COPD exacerbation (hazard ratio 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.14); number needed to harm 38) ...